Introduction to the Model
The focus of this model is on designing an EV charging station that uses two primary renewable energy sources: solar (PV) and wind power. These sources are connected to a common system to supply power to an EV battery. The basic setup includes a wind turbine and a PV panel, each connected to a boost converter to regulate the power before it’s delivered to the EV battery.
Wind Energy System
The wind energy component of the system consists of a wind turbine connected to a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). This generator converts mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical power. The electricity is then rectified and passed through a boost converter to adjust the voltage.
To maximize efficiency, the system uses a Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Point Tracking (P&O MPPT) algorithm. This algorithm continuously adjusts the duty cycle of the boost converter based on the wind power output to ensure the system operates at maximum efficiency. The input to the MPPT system is the rectified voltage and current, which is processed to generate the necessary switching pulses for the boost converter.
Photovoltaic (PV) Energy System
The PV system generates power from solar energy. The system uses a specific configuration of PV modules, consisting of one parallel string with eight series-connected modules. The maximum power output from the PV system occurs when the solar radiation is at its peak of 1000 W/m², generating approximately 2 kW of power.
To optimize power generation, the PV system uses fuzzy logic-based MPPT control. This control method adjusts the duty cycle of the boost converter based on the error between the desired and actual output power. The input to the fuzzy system includes the voltage and current of the PV panel, as well as the calculated error and change in error.
Common DC Bus and EV Battery Connection
Both the wind and PV systems are connected to a common DC bus, which supplies power to the EV battery. This integrated power source ensures that the battery can be charged efficiently using a combination of wind and solar energy. The charging process depends on the availability of power from both sources, adjusting based on changes in wind speed and solar radiation levels.
Operating Conditions for Wind and Solar Systems
The model operates under various conditions. For the wind energy system, the wind velocity is varied from 12 m/s to 10 m/s, affecting the power output. At 12 m/s, the wind system can generate around 2.5 kW, but as the wind speed drops to 10 m/s, the output decreases to about 1.5 kW.
For the PV system, the solar radiation also varies. From 0 to 0.3 seconds, the system operates under full radiation conditions, generating 2 kW of power. The radiation then drops to 500 W/m², reducing the power output, before returning to zero and then increasing back to full power as radiation conditions fluctuate.
Battery Charging Behavior
The battery charging behavior is directly impacted by the availability of power from both the PV and wind systems. When both systems are producing maximum power—such as when the wind is blowing at 12 m/s and the solar radiation is at 1000 W/m²—the battery charges at its highest rate. As the power inputs from both systems decrease, the charging power to the battery adjusts accordingly, resulting in fluctuations in the charging process.
The state of charge (SOC) of the EV battery increases as power is supplied from the renewable energy sources. The charging process continues as long as there is sufficient power from the PV and wind systems, ensuring a sustainable and efficient energy source for the EV.
Conclusion
This model illustrates a successful integration of wind and solar energy for a renewable-powered EV charging station. By utilizing advanced MPPT algorithms and fuzzy logic control, the system maximizes the efficiency of both energy sources, ensuring optimal battery charging. As the world shifts toward greener energy solutions, systems like this offer a promising way to power electric vehicles sustainably.
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